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          shell script 学习
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        <h2 id="bash"><a href="#bash" class="headerlink" title="bash"></a>bash</h2><p><a href="https://tiswww.case.edu/php/chet/bash/bashref.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Bash Reference Manual</a></p>
<h2 id="linux-shell-script-study"><a href="#linux-shell-script-study" class="headerlink" title="linux shell script study"></a>linux shell script study</h2><pre><code>脚本语言, 所见即所得, 所以环境更容易搭, 比较容易上手练习

#! /bin/sh /bin/bash
是告诉当前脚本要用哪个解释器来执行

bash 的语法简单, 能力有限, 但是不用额外安装其他工具, 系统自代

python, php, curl, go, gradle 等脚本语言, 都需要自带一个运行环境, 相对来说, 可以处理更复杂的事情. </code></pre><ol>
<li>命令</li>
</ol>
<p>eval 将字符串当作表达式执行而返回一个结果的函数</p>
<p>新增一个shell命令最简单的方法, 在当前shell中运行脚本后, 脚本中所定义的方法即成了临时命令. 所以变量,函数的定义都是全局的, 除非使用local 显示定义的一个函数内的变量为局部的.</p>
<p>sed 命令配合正则, 使用得挺多</p>
<ul>
<li>语法</li>
</ul>
<ol>
<li><p>local</p>
<p> local一般用于函数内部, 用于局部变量声明.</p>
<p> shell 定义的变量默认是global的, 函数内定义的变量默认也是global的, 如果同名, 函数定义的local变量会屏蔽脚本定义的global变量</p>
</li>
<li><p>$()</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p>括号内可以调用函数或者命令</p>
<ol start="3">
<li><p>括号<br>()</p>
<p> 括号里是用来执行shell命令的, 每个命令可用 ; 隔开, 另开一个shell来执行, 因此小括号中的变量余下脚本不可以使用.</p>
</li>
</ol>
<p>(())</p>
<pre><code>内部用来作整数计算, 变量前不用$, 多个表达式可用; 隔开</code></pre><p>[] </p>
<pre><code>[] 相当于启用了test命令, 只能用于字符串比较 ==, !=, 整数比较使用 -gt, -eq, -lt
正则表达式中, 表示范围
arry 中, 可用来索引每个元素. </code></pre><p>[[]]</p>
<pre><code>是bash语言中的关键字, 比[]更加通用, 可以有效避免 &amp;&amp;, ||, &lt; &gt; 等操作符的报错. 
[[]]中间不会发生文件名扩展和单词分割, 但是会发生参数扩展和命令替换
支持字符串模式区配, 字符串比较时, 可以把右边的作为一个模式. 
将表达式看作一个单独的元素. </code></pre><p>{}</p>
<pre><code>作扩展
代码块, 相当于创建了一个匿名函数, 不会另开一个shell来执行
每一条语句都要有分号, 最后一条也不例外
第一个命令必须要和左括号有一个空格

特殊的替换结构
${var:-string}, ${var:=string}
    相当于 ?:, var为空时, ${} 的值为string, 反之为var值, ${var:=string}, 同时会将var 的值赋为string

${var:+string}, 
    与${var:-string}逻辑相反

${var:?string}
    若var不为空, 使用var的值, 为空则退出脚本, 将string输出到标准错误, 相当assert作用

${variable%pattern}, variable是否以pattern结尾, 是则去掉variable右边最短的pattern匹配部分
${variable%%pattern}, variable是否以pattern结尾, 是则去掉variable右边最长的pattern匹配部分
${variable#pattern}, variable是否以pattern结尾, 是则去掉variable左边最短的pattern匹配部分
${variable##pattern}, variable是否以pattern结尾, 是则去掉variable左边最长的pattern匹配部分
这四种模式都不会改变variable的值</code></pre><ol start="4">
<li><p>#! </p>
<p> 告诉系统其后所指定的程序即时解释此脚本的Shell程序</p>
<p> /bin/sh 或 /bin/bash 是同一个程序的不同版本, bash 更新一些</p>
</li>
</ol>
<ul>
<li><p>常用命令 </p>
<p>  echo 向命令窗口输出, echo 在csapp中的例子是一个C/S架构<br>  printf 模拟C语言的printf 函数<br>  readonly 标记为只读变量<br>  unset 删除变量, 删除后变量不可再用, 不能删除只读变量</p>
</li>
<li><p>变量 </p>
<ul>
<li><p>字母,数字,下划线</p>
</li>
<li><p>等号不能有空格</p>
</li>
<li><p>局部变量 </p>
<p>  shell内部定义的变量</p>
</li>
<li><p>环境变量 </p>
<p>  相当于全局变量, 跨shell脚本可访问</p>
</li>
<li><p>shell变量 </p>
<p>  shell程序设定的特殊变量, 一部分是环境, 一部分是局部, 脚本语言基本上都有上下文提供的变量</p>
</li>
<li><p>字符串</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<figure class="highlight sh"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">单引号, 双引号, 跟所有脚本语言中的限制一样, 双引号中可引用变量, 可转义</span><br><span class="line">获取字符串长度 <span class="variable">$&#123;#str&#125;</span></span><br><span class="line">提取字符串 <span class="variable">$&#123;str:1:4&#125;</span></span><br><span class="line">查找字符串 expr index <span class="string">"<span class="variable">$str</span>"</span> o</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<pre><code>* 数组</code></pre><figure class="highlight sh"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">定义 arr_name=(val1, val2, ...), </span><br><span class="line">数组没有范围, 下标没有限制, 只支持一维数据</span><br><span class="line">读取数组<span class="variable">$&#123;arr_name[n]&#125;</span></span><br><span class="line">获取数组长度 `<span class="variable">$&#123;#arr_name[@]&#125;</span>` 或 <span class="variable">$&#123;#arr_name[*]&#125;</span></span><br><span class="line">获取单个数组元素长度 <span class="variable">$&#123;#arr_name[n]&#125;</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>

<ul>
<li><p>注释</p>
<p>  `</p>
<h1 id="单行注释"><a href="#单行注释" class="headerlink" title="单行注释"></a>单行注释</h1><p>  :&lt;&lt;EOF</p>
<pre><code>多行注释</code></pre><p>  EOF</p>
<p>  EOF 可以使用其他符号替换<br>  `</p>
</li>
<li><p>脚本传递参数</p>
<p>  $0 为执行脚本的文件包, $n 分别为空格分出来的参数</p>
<p>  $# 传递到脚本的参数个数<br>  $* 以一个字符串显示向脚本传递的所有参数<br>  $$ 脚本运行的当前进程ID号<br>  $! 后台运行的最后一个进程ID号<br>  $@ 将每个参数分别以字符串形式显示出来<br>  $? 显示最后命令的退出状态, 0表示无错误, 其他任何值都表示有错误</p>
<p>  $* 与 $@ 都是引用所有参数, 但是在引号中使用有区别, “$*” 等价于将所有参数作为一个参数传递, “$@” 是将所有参数分开传递</p>
</li>
<li><p>运算符</p>
<ul>
<li><p>算数</p>
<p>  expr 和 awk<br>  val = <code>expr 1 + 1</code> 运算符两边都必须有空格<br>  <code>+ - * / % = == !=</code> 其中 * 需要转义<br>  在mac 中 expr 的表达式为 $((表达式)), * 不需要加转义</p>
</li>
<li><p>关系</p>
<p>  -eq -ne -gt -lt -ge le<br>  关系运算符两边只支持数字</p>
</li>
<li><p>布尔</p>
<p>  ! -o -a </p>
</li>
<li><p>逻辑运算 </p>
<p>  || &amp;&amp; 示例上 布尔与逻辑的效果一样了?</p>
</li>
<li><p>字符串</p>
<p>  != = -z -n $ 只能用在 if 判断语句中</p>
</li>
<li><p>文件测试</p>
<p>  -b file 是否是块设备<br>  -c file 是否是字符设备文件<br>  -d file 是否是目录<br>  -f file 是否是普通文件(既不是设备文件, 也不是目录)<br>  -g file 是否设置了SGID(set group id)位<br>  -u file 是否设置了SUID(set user id)位<br>  -k file 是否设置了粘着位(Sticky Bit)<br>  -p file 是否是有名管道<br>  -r file 是否是可读文件<br>  -w file 是否是可写文件<br>  -x file 是否是可执行文件<br>  -s file 检测文件是否为空<br>  -e file 检测文件是否存在<br>  -S file 是否为socket文件<br>  -L file 检测文件是否存在并且是否是一个链接符号</p>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p>流程控制</p>
<p>  if 语句</p>
<pre><code>if condition
then 
    command1
    command2
    ...
    commandN
elif
then
    comman1
    ...
    commanN
else
    command1
    ...
    commandN
fi</code></pre><p>  写成一行要加分号隔开</p>
<p>  for 循环</p>
<pre><code>for var in item1 ... itemN
do
    command1
    ...
    commandN
done

for(( ; ;  ))</code></pre><p>  写成一行要加分号隔开</p>
<p>  while 循环</p>
<pre><code>while condition
do
    command1 
    ...
    commandN
done</code></pre><p>  无限循环</p>
<pre><code>while :
do
    command
done

while true
do
    command
done

for(( ; ; ))</code></pre><p>  until 循环</p>
<pre><code>until condition
do
    command
done</code></pre><p>  case 语句</p>
<pre><code>case 值 in
模式1)
    command
    ...
;;
模式2)
    command
    ...
;;
*)
    command
    ...
;;
esac</code></pre><p>  跳出循环</p>
<pre><code>break continue</code></pre></li>
<li><p>函数</p>
<p>  [ function ] funname [()]<br>  {</p>
<pre><code>action;
return int(0-255); </code></pre><p>  }</p>
<p>  如果不加 返回值, 将以最后一条命令的结果作为返回值</p>
<p>  函数返回值在运行之后通过 $? 来获取</p>
<p>  函数参数跟脚本参数是一样的, 通过 $n 来获取, 当n&gt;10时需要通过 ${n} 来获取</p>
<p>  函数是先定义再使用的</p>
</li>
<li><p>重定向</p>
<p>  command &gt; file<br>  command &gt;&gt; file<br>  command &lt; file<br>  n &gt; file 将文件描述符为n 的文件重定向到 file<br>  n &gt;&gt; file<br>  n &gt;&amp; m 将输出文件 n, m 合并<br>  n &lt;&amp; m 将输入文件 民,m 合并<br>  &lt;&lt; tag 将开始标记tag 和结束标记tag之间的内容作为输入</p>
<p>  Here Document</p>
<p>  command &lt;&lt; delimiter</p>
<pre><code>document</code></pre><p>  delimiter</p>
<p>  将delimiter之间的内容作为参数传递给command<br>  结尾的delimiter 一定要顶格写<br>  开始的delimiter 前后的空格会被忽略掉</p>
<p>  /dev/null 写入到它的内容都会被丢弃</p>
</li>
<li><p>Shell 文件包含 </p>
<pre><code>. filename 
source filename
注意中间有空格</code></pre></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="调试"><a href="#调试" class="headerlink" title="调试"></a>调试</h3><p><a href="https://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/linux/l-cn-shell-debug/index.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Shell 脚本调试技术</a></p>
<ol>
<li><p>trap 命令</p>
</li>
<li><p>tee 命令</p>
</li>
<li><p>调试钩子</p>
</li>
<li><p>set </p>
<p> -n 只读取shell脚本，但不实际执行<br> -x 进入跟踪方式，显示所执行的每一条命令<br> -c “string” 从strings中读取命令<br> $PS4 $LINENO $FUNCNAME</p>
</li>
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